Below Are Some Free Medical Board Review Questions that Are in the Area Nephrology. They are appropriate for Medical Students, Physician Assistant or Nurse Practitioner Students. Nursing Students may also find them helpful. They are just a sample of what is my full ebook or app in the area of Nephrology. Students studying for the USMLE, PANCE, or PANRE should find these helpful.
1. Which of the following regarding Calcium is not true?
A. Acidosis decrease calcium binding to albumin which decreases total circulating free calcium.
B. The principle sites of regulation of calcium are the renal tubules, the proximal small intestine, and bone cells.
C. Calcium absorption is decreased by 1,25 (OH) 2 D and PTH.
D. PTH causes reabsorption of calcium at the proximal tubule of the kidney
1. C is the correct answer. Calcium absorption is increased by PTH and 1,25 (OH) 2 D. PTH also causes reabsorption of the calcium at the proximal tubule of the kidney. Alkalosis can cause an increase of free calcium. This is why severe hyperventilation can cause a tetany like reaction with carpal pedal spasm.
2. Which of the following is not an indication for a renal biopsy?
A. Nephrotic Syndrome
B. Renal Allograft Dysfunction
C. Unexplained hematuria after exclusion of lower urinary tract causes
D. Acute Renal Failure with typical features recovering after 1 week.
2. D is the correct answer. A renal biopsy is not necessary if a patient with acute renal failure recovers within 6 weeks. Patients with nephrotic syndrome may need a renal biopsy to determine the type of nephrotic syndrome that they have. Patients with hematuria that have had cystoscopy may need a renal biopsy to determine the cause.
3. Your patient is a 56 year old female that presents with a +3 edema BLE and the following lab data: Na 118, Cl 109 CO2 22 BUN 23 Creatinine 0.9 Glucose 99. The urine sodium is elevated. Which of the following is not a potential cause of this condition?
A. SSRI's
B. Porphyria
C. Pneumonia
D. Hypothyroidism
3. D is the correct answer. This patient has SIADH. There is numerous causes of SIADH identified and SSRI, Porphyria and pneumonia are all identifiable causes. In addition, trauma infections, TB, being on a mechanical ventilator, cancer, and various medications can cause SIADH.
4. Which of the following is not associated with a patient with acute nephritic syndrome?
A. Hematuria with RBC casts or dysmorphic Red Blood Cells
B. Proteinuria
C. Polyuria
D. Elevated Sodium
4. C is the correct answer. Acute nephritic syndrome is associated with oliguria not polyuria. These patients with have hematuria with casts. They have proteinuria (<2 grams in 24 hours) in the non nephrotic range. They usually have a temporary impairment of renal function that leads to elevated BUN and creatinine as well as retaining sodium and water.
5. Which of the following renal calculi are radiolucent?
A. Cysteine
B. Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
C. Calcium Oxalate
D. Uric Acid
5. D is the correct answer. Uric acid stones are radiolucent. On CT scan you will just see a widened ureter and associated hydronephrosis on that side. Ultimately the diagnosis will be confirmed with analysis of the stone. The index of suspicion should be heightened in a patient with a history or renal failure, renal insufficiency, gout, or known high serum uric acid levels.
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